tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45007898396550582982024-03-14T04:37:20.809+08:00kreatif-innovatifSelamat datang kepada para pembaca blog saya.Disini saya ingin berkongsi ilmu tentang perkembangan teknologi masa kini yang patut para pembaca mengetahuinya..Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-51913061489569419532011-10-05T08:56:00.002+08:002011-10-05T08:58:37.423+08:00sifir darab 1 hingga 12<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Lo8qD8StMHA/TourgJlQyMI/AAAAAAAAAM8/fvzqKQ83lEw/s1600/sifir.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 314px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Lo8qD8StMHA/TourgJlQyMI/AAAAAAAAAM8/fvzqKQ83lEw/s320/sifir.bmp" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5659805925537532098" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-14418520615839139072011-09-19T21:59:00.004+08:002011-09-19T22:08:41.870+08:00Ferrari F1<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eGbilf5alXs/TndMl40NqMI/AAAAAAAAALY/QJy76Oej5P4/s1600/formula%252B1%252Bferrari%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 259px; height: 194px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eGbilf5alXs/TndMl40NqMI/AAAAAAAAALY/QJy76Oej5P4/s320/formula%252B1%252Bferrari%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654072070977202370" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O8_9_tEfOt0/TndMH_DeCVI/AAAAAAAAALQ/Mxc5WoIyoC4/s1600/engine%252BF1%252BFerrari%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 263px; height: 191px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O8_9_tEfOt0/TndMH_DeCVI/AAAAAAAAALQ/Mxc5WoIyoC4/s320/engine%252BF1%252BFerrari%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654071557255727442" border="0" /></a><table style="width: 546px; height: 198px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="darkbg" colspan="2" id="car_specstop"><i><b>Engine</b></i> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Configuration </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> Type 056 90º V8 </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Location </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> Mid, longitudinally mounted </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Weight </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> 95 kilo / 209.4 lbs</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Construction </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> aluminium alloy block and head </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Displacement </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright">2.398 liter / 146.3 cu in</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Bore / Stroke </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> 98.0 mm (3.9 in) / 38.9 mm (1.5 in) </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Valvetrain </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> 4 valves / cylinder, DOHC </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Fuel feed </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright"> Fuel Injection </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Aspiration </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright">Naturally Aspirated</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsleft">Red Line </td> <td class="lightbg" id="car_specsright">18000 rpm</td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-87482885523039175952011-09-19T21:56:00.001+08:002011-09-19T21:58:58.126+08:004 Stroke Diesel Engine<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-te4x9pelZAs/TndKmRzKJoI/AAAAAAAAAK8/kcfLLUQ4KY4/s1600/4%252Bstroke%252Bdiesel%252Bengine%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 253px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-te4x9pelZAs/TndKmRzKJoI/AAAAAAAAAK8/kcfLLUQ4KY4/s320/4%252Bstroke%252Bdiesel%252Bengine%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654069878660408962" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-59682775470450025232011-09-19T21:48:00.002+08:002011-09-19T21:55:34.595+08:00Keihin Carburetors<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj25kA2RZf43TOex8OwMGXq5VtCcycaUqUTamfCb89GMVyLGv6UaTWHHh-UYMBW9x9nAaBrtar1etvE9n-1TAeluygeD6GKVQjwJh_OvyQC2R0KyzlwS76Lpodf_j-lGh_wD84InipdDBs/s1600/karburator.gif"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 251px; height: 283px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj25kA2RZf43TOex8OwMGXq5VtCcycaUqUTamfCb89GMVyLGv6UaTWHHh-UYMBW9x9nAaBrtar1etvE9n-1TAeluygeD6GKVQjwJh_OvyQC2R0KyzlwS76Lpodf_j-lGh_wD84InipdDBs/s1600/karburator.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-21X0CP9l8xA/TndI3p6xWwI/AAAAAAAAAKw/1pEGnK9ywEo/s1600/keihin%252Bcarburator%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 284px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-21X0CP9l8xA/TndI3p6xWwI/AAAAAAAAAKw/1pEGnK9ywEo/s320/keihin%252Bcarburator%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654067978169309954" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Carburetors perform a variety of engine-related duties that enable a vehicle to run at peak performance. Although not as common now thanks to the emerging popularity of fuel injection systems, carburetors are still widely used as a reliable alternative to more costly fuel delivery systems. </span><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-1439527588860397782011-08-24T06:16:00.003+08:002011-08-24T06:44:18.883+08:00Jenis USB
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2VjLhtf3zOk/TlQm-uv7tnI/AAAAAAAAAJg/yIDdnIwEiy8/s1600/usb%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 274px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2VjLhtf3zOk/TlQm-uv7tnI/AAAAAAAAAJg/yIDdnIwEiy8/s320/usb%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5644179092144895602" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L-cUYXOisFU/TlQtIdUee2I/AAAAAAAAAJs/VsoLJw8uuLE/s1600/USB-cable-wiring1.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 276px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L-cUYXOisFU/TlQtIdUee2I/AAAAAAAAAJs/VsoLJw8uuLE/s320/USB-cable-wiring1.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5644185856334789474" border="0" /></a>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-32966414147153671702011-08-16T07:54:00.003+08:002011-08-16T08:02:28.917+08:00Cara soldering<div style="text-align: justify;">Soldering is the only permanent way to ‘fix’ components to a circuit. However, soldering requires a lot of practice as it is easy to ‘destroy’ many hours preparation and design work by poor soldering. If you follow the guidelines below you have a good chance of success.
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<br /><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color:#800000;"><b>1. </b></span>Use a soldering iron in good condition. Inspect the tip to make sure that it is not past good operation. If it looks in bad condition it will not help you solder a good joint. The shape of the tip may vary from one soldering iron to the next but generally they should look clean and not burnt.
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src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" />
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<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#800000;"><b>2.</b></span> A PCB eraser is used to remove any film from the tracks. This must be done carefully because the film will prevent good soldering of the components to the PCB. The tracks can be checked using a magnifying glass. If there are gaps in the tracks, sometimes they can be repaired using wire but usually a new PCB has to be etched.
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" 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<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#800000;"><b>3.</b></span> The heated soldering iron should then be placed in contact with the track and the component and allowed to heat them up. Once they are heated the solder can be applied. The solder should flow through and around the component and the track
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src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" />
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<br /><span style="color:#800000;"><b>4.</b></span> Having completed soldering the circuit the extended legs on the components need to be trimmed using wire clippers. The circuit is now ready for testing.
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-38554861190095454062011-08-16T07:44:00.003+08:002011-08-16T07:50:44.599+08:00kod warna resistor<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8ygbs3zjMCA/TkmwvB2mDmI/AAAAAAAAAH0/YHkQtV4e5LQ/s1600/Resistor_Photo%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 185px; height: 196px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8ygbs3zjMCA/TkmwvB2mDmI/AAAAAAAAAH0/YHkQtV4e5LQ/s320/Resistor_Photo%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5641234330256019042" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EzwNabjnyfg/TkmwKyAw36I/AAAAAAAAAHs/L56b7wkBb5Y/s1600/Resistor_color_code_table%255B1%255D.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EzwNabjnyfg/TkmwKyAw36I/AAAAAAAAAHs/L56b7wkBb5Y/s320/Resistor_color_code_table%255B1%255D.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5641233707528413090" border="0" /></a>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-42918671866922455042011-08-06T07:25:00.006+08:002011-08-06T07:41:41.533+08:00Fungsi Breadboards<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2GjCtt9TRrY/Tjx8pZLwnVI/AAAAAAAAAGs/PIO-V5O4woE/s1600/bread1a.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 195px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2GjCtt9TRrY/Tjx8pZLwnVI/AAAAAAAAAGs/PIO-V5O4woE/s320/bread1a.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637517884137708882" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">Breadboards are used to test circuits. Wires and components are simply pushed into the holes to form a completed circuit and power can be applied. One of the main advantages of using a breadboard is that the components are not soldered and if they are po</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">sitioned incorrectly they can be moved easily to a new position on the board.</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> On the breadboard (<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 0);">diagram 1</span>) seen opposite, letters are used to identify vertical columns and numbers to identify horizontal rows.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DI1Ft69xmNM/Tjx-YVuSQ-I/AAAAAAAAAG8/SoGNB-ecQGY/s1600/bread1a.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 288px; height: 229px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DI1Ft69xmNM/Tjx-YVuSQ-I/AAAAAAAAAG8/SoGNB-ecQGY/s320/bread1a.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637519790174258146" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">The red lines on <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 0);">diagram 2</span> show how some vertical columns and horizontal row</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">s are internally connected. When power is applied to the breadboard current flows along these internal connections.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X5YXoV0n7q4/Tjx--yN9nWI/AAAAAAAAAHE/DjbbUPIk0kI/s1600/bread1a.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 246px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X5YXoV0n7q4/Tjx--yN9nWI/AAAAAAAAAHE/DjbbUPIk0kI/s320/bread1a.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5637520450658344290" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#800000;">Diagram 3</span> shows how a 380 ohm resistor and an LED are setup on a breadboard. When a 9 volt battery is attached the LED lights. Try replacing the resistor with a higher value such as a 680 ohm resistor. The resistance will be greater and the LED should shine less bright.</span></span><br /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-30565776779362731072011-08-04T08:38:00.005+08:002011-08-04T08:45:38.773+08:00Bulb<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wohtZ8X9FT0/Tjnq5MyiSkI/AAAAAAAAAF8/8DRmZDu8MqQ/s1600/bat.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 244px; height: 202px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wohtZ8X9FT0/Tjnq5MyiSkI/AAAAAAAAAF8/8DRmZDu8MqQ/s320/bat.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636794677037517378" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">Bulbs have been used in electronics for along time and they are used in a wide range of circuits. Almost everyone has used a torch and if you look closely at the light source, it is more than likely that it is a bulb. In more recent years bulbs have been slowly replaced by LEDs as these are brighter, much more reliable, cheaper, energy efficient and have a much longer working life. They are also available in a range of colours. However, bulbs are still popular.<br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UjP5iAdnN58/TjnrI27Tf0I/AAAAAAAAAGE/QJxjss2GFnw/s1600/bat.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 120px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UjP5iAdnN58/TjnrI27Tf0I/AAAAAAAAAGE/QJxjss2GFnw/s320/bat.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636794946046623554" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-45838191550702125982011-08-04T08:18:00.005+08:002011-08-04T08:28:20.827+08:00L.E.D<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3iyi0Xmns1M/Tjnl5126bNI/AAAAAAAAAFs/hjdHJIr28Kw/s1600/meter.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 254px; height: 98px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3iyi0Xmns1M/Tjnl5126bNI/AAAAAAAAAFs/hjdHJIr28Kw/s320/meter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636789190503591122" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9N40FWRsrAo/TjnluvvtVmI/AAAAAAAAAFk/6wm6s1VAoP0/s1600/bat.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 204px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9N40FWRsrAo/TjnluvvtVmI/AAAAAAAAAFk/6wm6s1VAoP0/s320/bat.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636788999884199522" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#800000;"><i>Light Emitting Diodes</i></span> (LED) are very rugged, they last a very long time and they are an optical source</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">. (A LIGHT SOURCE)</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> LEDs produce red, green, yellow, or orange light. They are used in a range of products<br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jLXycF4oOX4/TjnmgRFe0kI/AAAAAAAAAF0/VCcSiLpTWjA/s1600/meter.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 246px; height: 150px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jLXycF4oOX4/TjnmgRFe0kI/AAAAAAAAAF0/VCcSiLpTWjA/s320/meter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636789850647482946" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">Infrared LEDs are also available although light from this type cannot be seen by the human eye. These are used in security devices.<br /> LEDs are part of the diode family, consequently they must be connected the right way round or current will not pass through. They are usually protected by a resistor.</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-58255647996777658282011-08-04T08:12:00.004+08:002011-08-04T08:18:13.283+08:00bateri sel kering<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ni2bUib1rQ/Tjnkfo0A19I/AAAAAAAAAFc/yOKt9dNgtvc/s1600/bat.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 61px; height: 115px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ni2bUib1rQ/Tjnkfo0A19I/AAAAAAAAAFc/yOKt9dNgtvc/s320/bat.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636787640813541330" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 0);">Batteries</span></i> come in all shapes and sizes. They store electrical charge and as we all know when they are put into an electronic device such as a portable radio, they provide the power. The usual battery sizes are seen opposite. These are the type used in school projects and range from 1.5 volts to 9 volts.</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> School projects are powered by batteries because they are safe, easily bought and safe.<br /><br /><br /></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-55379021831917411092011-08-04T07:04:00.004+08:002011-08-04T07:24:02.385+08:00Pembahagian voltage<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br />What are they - they can be used to split the voltage of a circuit. They are widely used in electronic circuits for setting and adjusting voltages - e.g. in radios, games and toys. You may find that you need a supply of 6 volts and you have a 9 volt battery, your only option may be to make a potential divider.</span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LYW-xhBQC5A/TjnUYtnrAuI/AAAAAAAAAE0/HvtbrYHaarY/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 255px; height: 266px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LYW-xhBQC5A/TjnUYtnrAuI/AAAAAAAAAE0/HvtbrYHaarY/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636769929658827490" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">When two resistors of equal value (e.g. 1K) are connected across a supply, current will flow through them. If a meter is placed across the supply shown in the diagram it will register 9v. If the meter is then placed between the 0v and the middle of the two resistors it will read 4.5v. The battery voltage has been divided in half.<br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wsV94dUAdBE/TjnYPTGaZAI/AAAAAAAAAE8/xLxaKVpRZsc/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 187px; height: 236px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wsV94dUAdBE/TjnYPTGaZAI/AAAAAAAAAE8/xLxaKVpRZsc/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636774165967692802" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><p align="justify">If the resistor values are changed to 2K and 1K the voltage will be 6v. The voltage at the centre is determined by the ratio of the two resistor values and is given by the formula:</p><span style="font-family:BrushHand;color:#000080;"> <p><span style="font-size:180%;">V = supply voltage x R<sub>2</sub>/R<sub>1</sub>+R</span><sub><span style="font-size:180%;">2</span></sub></p></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><span style="font-family:BrushHand;color:#000080;"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><span style="font-family:BrushHand;color:#000080;"><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><sub><span style="font-size:6;">V= 9v x </span><u><span style="font-size:6;">2000</span></u></sub></p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><sub><span style="font-size:6;"> 1000+2000</span></sub></p><p><span style="font-size:180%;">v = 9v x (2000/3000 ohms)</span></p><p><span style="font-size:180%;">V = 9v x 0.6666666 ohms</span></p></span><p><span style="font-family:BrushHand;color:#000080;"><span style="font-size:180%;">V = 6v</span></span></p></span></span></p></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-30896060677517965382011-08-04T06:31:00.003+08:002011-08-04T06:34:52.499+08:00Fungsi capacitor dalam litar<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ymdhhtDlV0U/TjnMxtEL_QI/AAAAAAAAAEU/F_gvaZqvBJU/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 178px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ymdhhtDlV0U/TjnMxtEL_QI/AAAAAAAAAEU/F_gvaZqvBJU/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636761562913701122" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;">USING A CAPACITOR AS PART OF A 555 TIMER<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">The 555 circuit shown above is more sophisticated than the circuit above and is composed of several components included the integrated circuit (NE555). When switched on the buzzer sounds for a certain amount of time. </span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> Some of the components are resistors and capacitors. It is often the combination of resistors and capacitors that control the time delay - in this case the length the buzzer sounds for. </span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> If the capacitor C1 is changed for a higher value capacitor then the buzzer sounds for a longer period of time. The variable resistor VR1 can also determine the length of time.</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"> </span></span><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-10962214447434120022011-08-03T22:05:00.006+08:002011-08-04T06:35:24.236+08:00Capacitor<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WUOJZNH3ULc/Tjld3wkKWeI/AAAAAAAAAD8/zUOC_7GJqNw/s1600/mic.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WUOJZNH3ULc/Tjld3wkKWeI/AAAAAAAAAD8/zUOC_7GJqNw/s320/mic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636639621141649890" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><p>A <b>capacitor</b> (formerly known as <b>condenser</b>) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.</p><p>A capacitor is a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Passivity_%28engineering%29" title="Passivity (engineering)">passive</a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">electronic component</a> consisting of a pair of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductors</a> separated by a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> (insulator). When there is a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Potential_difference" title="Potential difference" class="mw-redirect">potential difference</a> (voltage) across the conductors, a static <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a>, measured in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farads</a>. This is the ratio of the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> on each conductor to the potential difference between them.</p><p>Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> while allowing <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supplies</a>, in the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/LC_circuit" title="LC circuit">resonant circuits</a> that tune radios to particular <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a> and for many other purposes.</p></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><br /></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svg/170px-Capacitor_schematic_with_dielectric.svg.png" class="thumbimage" height="187" width="170" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"></span></span></div> reduces the field and increases the capacitance.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Plattenkondensator_hg.jpg" class="image"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Plattenkondensator_hg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><br /></a></div> </div></div></div><p>A capacitor consists of two <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductors</a> separated by a non-conductive region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulaby_p168_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4500789839655058298&postID=1096221444743412002#cite_note-Ulaby_p168-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The non-conductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Dielectric_medium" title="Dielectric medium" class="mw-redirect">dielectric medium</a>. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Insulator_%28electrical%29" title="Insulator (electrical)">electrical insulator</a>. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, and even a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Depletion_region" title="Depletion region">depletion region</a> chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces,<sup id="cite_ref-Ulaby_p157_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4500789839655058298&postID=1096221444743412002#cite_note-Ulaby_p157-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and the dielectric develops an electric field. In <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/SI" title="SI" class="mw-redirect">SI</a> units, a capacitance of one <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a> means that one <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one <a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> across the device</p></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Capacitors_in_parallel.svg" class="image"><img style="width: 290px; height: 133px;" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Capacitors_in_parallel.svg/220px-Capacitors_in_parallel.svg.png" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Capacitors_in_parallel.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Several capacitors in parallel.</div></div></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Networks">Networks</span></h3><dl><dt>For capacitors in parallel</dt><dd>Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area.</dd></dl><dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="C_{eq}= C_1 + C_2 + \cdots + C_n" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/f/5/2f5b978fd081ea63e204909addf3d028.png" /></dd></dl><dl><dt>For capacitors in series</dt></dl><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Capacitors_in_series.svg" class="image"><img style="width: 256px; height: 92px;" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Capacitors_in_series.svg/220px-Capacitors_in_series.svg.png" class="thumbimage" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Capacitors_in_series.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Several capacitors in series.</div></div></div><dl><dd>Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the separation distance, not the plate area, adds up. The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build-up equal to that of every other capacitor in the series. The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series acts as a capacitor <i>smaller</i> than any of its components.</dd><dd><img class="tex" alt=" \frac{1}{C_{eq}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{C_n}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/a/3/fa34ce461e6988fd973081401cc9790c.png" /></dd></dl><dl><dd>Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage, for example for smoothing a high voltage power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate separation, add up, if capacitance and leakage currents for each capacitor are identical. In such an application, on occasion series strings are connected in parallel, forming a matrix. The goal is to maximize the energy storage of the network without overloading any capacitor</dd><dd><br /></dd></dl></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bJIsG_wfylE/TjnK0p6bG6I/AAAAAAAAAEE/dJBo6CuOnO8/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 183px; height: 175px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bJIsG_wfylE/TjnK0p6bG6I/AAAAAAAAAEE/dJBo6CuOnO8/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636759414583794594" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /><br /></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-91844588859843854122011-08-03T21:54:00.003+08:002011-08-03T21:58:39.103+08:00SMD resistor<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yi8XmS-xCVU/TjlToMDrwTI/AAAAAAAAADs/gJuHbnOx_j4/s1600/mic.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 271px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yi8XmS-xCVU/TjlToMDrwTI/AAAAAAAAADs/gJuHbnOx_j4/s320/mic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636628358527435058" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px;">SMD resistors</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><p><a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface mounted</a> resistors are printed with numerical values in a code related to that used on axial resistors. Standard-tolerance <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">surface-mount technology (SMT)</a> resistors are marked with a three-digit code, in which the first two digits are the first two <a href="/wiki/Significant_digit" title="Significant digit" class="mw-redirect">significant digits</a> of the value and the third digit is the power of ten (the number of zeroes). For example:</p></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><table><tbody><tr><td><i>334</i></td><td>= 33 × 10<sup>4</sup> ohms = 330 kilohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>222</i></td><td>= 22 × 10<sup>2</sup> ohms = 2.2 kilohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>473</i></td><td>= 47 × 10<sup>3</sup> ohms = 47 kilohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>105</i></td><td>= 10 × 10<sup>5</sup> ohms = 1.0 megohm</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470. The final zero represents ten to the power zero, which is 1. For example:</p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>100</i></td><td>= 10 × 10<sup>0</sup> ohm = 10 ohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>220</i></td><td>= 22 × 10<sup>0</sup> ohm = 22 ohms</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Sometimes these values are marked as <i>10</i> or <i>22</i> to prevent a mistake.</p><p>Resistances less than 10 ohms have 'R' to indicate the position of the decimal point (<a href="/wiki/Radix_point" title="Radix point">radix point</a>). For example:</p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>4R7</i></td><td>= 4.7 ohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>R300</i></td><td>= 0.30 ohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>0R22</i></td><td>= 0.22 ohms</td></tr><tr><td><i>0R01</i></td><td>= 0.01 ohms</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Precision resistors are marked with a four-digit code, in which the first three digits are the significant figures and the fourth is the power of ten. For example:</p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>1001</i></td><td>= 100 × 10<sup>1</sup> ohms = 1.00 kilohm</td></tr><tr><td><i>4992</i></td><td>= 499 × 10<sup>2</sup> ohms = 49.9 kilohm</td></tr><tr><td><i>1000</i></td><td>= 100 × 10<sup>0</sup> ohm = 100 ohms</td></tr></tbody></table><p><i>000</i> and <i>0000</i> sometimes appear as values on surface-mount <a href="/wiki/Zero-ohm_link" title="Zero-ohm link">zero-ohm links</a>, since these have (approximately) zero resistance.</p><p>More recent surface-mount resistors are too small, physically, to permit practical markings to be applied.</p></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-3637906753350425442011-08-03T21:40:00.003+08:002011-08-03T21:49:22.091+08:00microfon<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-899evzq19VA/TjlRPkTZkjI/AAAAAAAAADk/otl_QXqTrok/s1600/mic.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 134px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-899evzq19VA/TjlRPkTZkjI/AAAAAAAAADk/otl_QXqTrok/s320/mic.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636625736515818034" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: left;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a></b>, sometimes referred to as a <b>mike</b> or <b>mic</b>, is an acoustic to electric <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> that converts <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_signal" title="Electrical signal" class="mw-redirect">electrical signal</a>. Microphones are used in many applications such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" title="Motion picture" class="mw-redirect">motion picture</a> production, live and recorded <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering">audio engineering</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP" class="mw-redirect">VoIP</a>. Several early inventors built primitive microphones prior to Alexander Bell, but the first commercially practical microphone was the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_microphone" title="Carbon microphone">carbon microphone</a> conceived in October, 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-51118447457937998212011-08-03T21:29:00.003+08:002011-08-04T08:07:20.412+08:00Alat ukur<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">Voltage, current and resistance can easily be measured by using a <b>multimeter</b>. However, an <strong>ammeter</strong> measures current, a <strong>voltmeter</strong> measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points, and an <strong>ohmmeter</strong> measures resistance. However, a <strong>multimeter</strong> measures all these. There are two types, <i>analogue</i> and digital. The <i>multimeter</i> is the most important electronic test instrument. Two wires are normally used along with the multimeter (called probes) and they are colour coded - black and red.<br /></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">A <b><i>DIGITAL</i></b> Multimeter is highly accurate and easier to read than an analogue type. It is best used for finding the precise value of a voltage, current or resistance.<br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qFjG6qdgqZM/TjniIIZ8xUI/AAAAAAAAAFM/Epsw6OWcJ9A/s1600/meter.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 154px; height: 264px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qFjG6qdgqZM/TjniIIZ8xUI/AAAAAAAAAFM/Epsw6OWcJ9A/s320/meter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636785037954041154" border="0" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">An <b><i>ANALOGUE</i></b> Multimeter is less expensive and less precise than a digital type. Often it will be used for measuring a slowly changing voltage, current or resistance.</span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5QK5-Lq-gUQ/TjnieqQvnhI/AAAAAAAAAFU/RgzCrZmxyFY/s1600/meter.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 168px; height: 243px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5QK5-Lq-gUQ/TjnieqQvnhI/AAAAAAAAAFU/RgzCrZmxyFY/s320/meter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636785424999357970" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-89357074706234979032011-08-03T21:24:00.005+08:002011-08-04T07:57:01.247+08:00Relay<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br />A relay is an electromagnetic switch. In other words it is activated when a current is applied to it. Normally a relay is used in a circuit as a type of switch (as you will see below). There are different types of relays and they operate at different voltages. When you build your circuit you need to consider the voltage that will trigger it.<br /></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><i><b><span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" ><br />EXAMPLE CIRCUIT</span></b></i></span></span><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Ij7aW-lK1c/Tjne_LncEgI/AAAAAAAAAFE/eGXHHidvvqg/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 233px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Ij7aW-lK1c/Tjne_LncEgI/AAAAAAAAAFE/eGXHHidvvqg/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636781585662218754" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">This simple circuit activates the relay only when the LDR is dark (covered). This could be used as part of an automatic animal feeder. For instance, if the animal was fed at night the circuit above would activate the relay. A second circuit, connected to the other side of the relay releases food into a dish.</div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-75432836208954527132011-08-03T16:08:00.002+08:002011-08-03T16:13:20.871+08:00Wirewound<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1hTviIJY9p0/TjkCvYZWMRI/AAAAAAAAADc/0aDsuVdpcUc/s1600/800px-Types_of_winding_by_Zureks.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 197px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1hTviIJY9p0/TjkCvYZWMRI/AAAAAAAAADc/0aDsuVdpcUc/s320/800px-Types_of_winding_by_Zureks.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636539421656756498" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><p>Wirewound resistors are commonly made by winding a metal wire, usually <a href="/wiki/Nichrome" title="Nichrome">nichrome</a>, around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core. The ends of the wire are soldered or welded to two caps or rings, attached to the ends of the core. The assembly is protected with a layer of paint, molded plastic, or an <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> coating baked at high temperature. Because of the very high surface temperature these resistors can withstand temperatures of up to +450 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Vishay08_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishay08-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Wire leads in low power wirewound resistors are usually between 0.6 and 0.8 mm in diameter and tinned for ease of soldering. For higher power wirewound resistors, either a ceramic outer case or an aluminum outer case on top of an insulating layer is used. The aluminum-cased types are designed to be attached to a heat sink to dissipate the heat; the rated power is dependent on being used with a suitable heat sink, e.g., a 50 W power rated resistor will overheat at a fraction of the power dissipation if not used with a heat sink. Large wirewound resistors may be rated for 1,000 watts or more.</p></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><p>Because wirewound resistors are <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil" class="mw-redirect">coils</a> they have more undesirable <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">inductance</a> than other types of resistor, although winding the wire in sections with alternately reversed direction can minimize inductance. Other techniques employ <a href="/wiki/Bifilar_winding" title="Bifilar winding" class="mw-redirect">bifilar winding</a>, or a flat thin former (to reduce cross-section area of the coil). For most demanding circuits resistors with <a href="/wiki/Ayrton-Perry_winding" title="Ayrton-Perry winding">Ayrton-Perry winding</a> are used.</p></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"><p>Applications of wirewound resistors are similar to those of composition resistors with the exception of the high frequency. The high frequency of wirewound resistors is substantially worse than that of a composition resistor</p></span></span><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-70557069327222190392011-08-03T16:03:00.001+08:002011-08-04T06:59:26.340+08:00resistor siri dan selari<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><u><b>RESISTORS IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL</b></u></span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><p align="justify">Resistors can be connected together in two ways to give different overall values. This is especially useful if you do not have a resistor of the correct value and need to make it up from other available ones.</p> <p align="justify"><span style="color:#800000;"><b>1. Resistors in SERIES</b></span> - When resistors are connected in series, their values are added together:<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6ex92qF9YM/TjnRyqWa90I/AAAAAAAAAEc/oaS-rhOIAek/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 458px; height: 63px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6ex92qF9YM/TjnRyqWa90I/AAAAAAAAAEc/oaS-rhOIAek/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636767076922881858" border="0" /></a></p><p align="justify"> </p><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:180%;color:#000080;"> </span><p align="center"><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:180%;color:#000080;">R <sub>total</sub>=R<sub>1</sub>+R<sub>2</sub></span></p> <span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:130%;"> </span><p align="center"><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:130%;"><span style="color:#000080;">For example: </span></span> <span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#000080;">1K+1K+3K9=5K9 (total value)</span></p> <b><span style="color:#800000;">2. Resistors in PARALLEL</span></b> -When resistors are connected in parallel, their total resistance is given as:<br /></span></span><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V2y4DB1m5Vk/TjnSgnBoxRI/AAAAAAAAAEs/yrd1YmEBgDA/s1600/mic.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 228px; height: 90px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V2y4DB1m5Vk/TjnSgnBoxRI/AAAAAAAAAEs/yrd1YmEBgDA/s320/mic.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636767866304382226" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:180%;color:#000080;">1/R<sub>total</sub> = 1/R<sub>1 </sub>+ 1/R<sub>2</sub></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Arial, sans-serif';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:180%;color:#000080;"></span><p align="center"><br /><span style="font-family:Technical;font-size:130%;">For example: </span>1/R<sub>total</sub> = 1/1K + 1/1K = 0.5K or 500 ohms</p> <span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#000080;"> <p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"> OR= <u>R1 x R2</u> </p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"> R1 +R2 </p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"> </p></span><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#000080;"> </span> <span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#800000;"> = <u>1 x 1</u> = <u>1</u></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#800000;"> 1 +1 = 2 = 0.5k</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family:BrushHand;font-size:180%;color:#800000;"><br /></span></p></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4500789839655058298.post-82359169599650672172011-08-03T15:45:00.004+08:002011-08-04T06:52:00.348+08:00Resistor<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u8wBjy66ROs/Tjj_kfNMUqI/AAAAAAAAADU/4jRwODoTooA/s1600/800px-Resistor.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u8wBjy66ROs/Tjj_kfNMUqI/AAAAAAAAADU/4jRwODoTooA/s320/800px-Resistor.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636535935971381922" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: justify;">Resistors determine the flow of current in an electrical circuit. Where there is high resistance in a circuit the flow of current is small, where the resistance is low the flow of current is large. Resistance, voltage and current are connected in an electrical circuit by <span style="color:#800000;"><b>Ohm’s Law</b></span>.</span></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;font-size:13;" ><dl><dd><img class="tex" alt="I = {V \over R}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/4/d/14d0b94cf19ce88744ea77c446f10fed.png" /></dd></dl></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;font-size:13;" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;">When a resistor is introduced to a circuit the flow of current is reduced. The higher the value of the resistor the smaller/lower the flow of current.<br /><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;">Resistors are used for regulating current and they resist the current flow and the extent to which they do this is measured in ohms (<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ω</span>). Resistors are found in almost every electronic circuit.<br /><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Arial, sans-serif'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;">The value of a resistor can be written in a variety of ways. Some examples are given below:<p align="center"><br /><b>47R</b> means 47 ohms<br /><b>5R6</b> means 5.6 ohms<br /><b>6k8 </b>means 6800 ohms<br /><b>1M2</b> means 1 200 000 ohms</p></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:16;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;font-size:13;" ><br /></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0